Conceptual

Adjoint Shape Optimization for Continuum-to-Rarefied Gas Flows via the Gas-Kinetic BGK Equation

This concept covers a gradient-based method for optimizing the geometry of a solid boundary immersed in gas flow across all rarefaction regimes, from continuum to free-molecular. The flow is described by the gas-kinetic BGK equation with diffuse reflection on a body-fitted mesh, and the sensitivity of a design objective to the boundary shape is computed with a combined continuous-and-discrete adjoint formulation and driven by a quasi-Newton optimizer, avoiding the many design variables of density-based topology optimization.