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Big-O Notation for Algorithm Time Complexity

Big-O notation is a mathematical formalism within computer science used to describe the asymptotic upper bound of a function's growth rate relative to input size n. This concept relies on limit-based definitions from calculus, specifically utilizing Big-Oh (O) logic to classify algorithms based on their worst-case time or space requirements as n approaches infinity. It serves as the fundamental metric in algorithm analysis for establishing efficiency classes and comparing computational scalability without dependence on hardware-specific constants.