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Billing Follows Allocation, Not Utilisation

The outcome demands a run that costs roughly what was predicted, and prediction is impossible until the learner knows what the meter measures; this is the tier-0 fact every later cost argument rests on. It is also the classic way a research account bleeds a grant - slowly, with no owner, because the spend is attached to no running job - and it is a concept rather than a price, so it stays testable when the numbers change.