The classical probability theory governing photon polarization filters at orthogonal angles establishes that linearly polarized light is described by a state vector within a complex Hilbert space, where transmission through a filter obeys Malus's Law ($I = I_0 \cos^2\theta$). When two ideal polarizers are oriented at mutually perpendicular (orthogonal) angles, the theoretical probability of photon transmission between them yields zero intensity in classical optics. This principle functions as a foundational rule within wave-based electromagnetic theory and serves to define deterministic bounds for measurement outcomes prior to the introduction of quantum mechanical phenomena such as entanglement or non-locality.
Demonstrates polarizing filters with unpolarized sunlight: two filters at the same angle pass light freely, two at 90 degrees (orthogonal) block essentially everything, and inserting a third filter a…