Conceptual

Commuter-Augmented Urban Scaling of Infectious Disease Incidence

An extension of urban scaling that models a city's infectious-disease case count as a two-input production function of both population size and inter-city commuter flow (the weighted total degree in the commuting network), rather than population alone. Using Cobb-Douglas and translog forms, students learn to derive a per-city elasticity of scale that predicts decreasing, increasing, or even negative returns depending on the product of population and commuters, and to see why adding commuter connectivity reduces the bias that population-only scaling shows in large cities.