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Confounding: When Sex, Age or Body Size Explains a Voice Correlation

Names the first alternative explanation and gives it the strongest possible example. Sex and age move voice pitch enormously — about 5 SD and about 26 Hz across adulthood in women — and they also move blood pressure, body fat and lean mass. Any raw correlation between pitch and those measures is a candidate artefact of the two variables the study itself shows dominate the trait.

Questions this Concept answers

Why do sex and age threaten any raw correlation between voice pitch and blood pressure?

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Distinguishing Confounders, Covariates, Moderators, and Mediators in Clinical Research

In clinical/epidemiological research, four variable types describe distinct relationships between an exposure and an outcome: a confounder affects both exposure and outcome, a covariate affects the o…