Correlation Does Not Imply Causation in Observational Voice Data
Anchors the correlation thread in this paper's actual reported associations rather than in a generic slogan: higher pitch with higher body fat percentage and higher systolic blood pressure (r ~ 0.06), higher pitch with reduced head and lean mass (r ~ -0.08). Nobody randomised anything, so each of these is compatible with several causal stories.
Questions this Concept answers
- Why does a correlation of about \( r = 0.06 \) between voice pitch and systolic blood pressure leave several causal stories open?
Observational Analytical Study Design in Epidemiology
Observational analytical study design is a branch of epidemiological research methodology in which investigators measure an exposure and an outcome without intervening, and test a hypothesis by stati…