In endocrinology and emergency medicine, glucose homeostasis is regulated by insulin (promotes glucose storage as glycogen) and glucagon (promotes glycogenolysis and glucose release), with dysregulation producing hyperglycemic states classified by underlying mechanism: type 1 diabetes (absolute insulin deficiency from autoimmune beta-cell destruction, predisposing to diabetic ketoacidosis) versus type 2 diabetes (insulin resistance with variable insulin levels, predisposing to hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state rather than ketosis). Diabetic ketoacidosis is defined by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and anion-gap metabolic acidosis, arising pathophysiologically from insulin deficiency driving lipolysis (ketogenesis, acidosis), decreased glucose uptake, and proteolysis (gluconeogenesis), which together produce hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, volume depletion, and electrolyte derangement.
In endocrinology and emergency medicine, glucose homeostasis is regulated by insulin (promotes glucose storage as glycogen) and glucagon (promotes glycogenolysis and glucose release), with dysregulat…