ArjanCodes
21 minutes
Fix Spaghetti Python Code Using Abstractions and Protocols
Abstraction in software design shifts code from depending on concrete implementations to depending on a contract describing what any implementation must provide, which reduces coupling, import dependencies, and circular imports and makes code easier to extend and test. In Python a contract can be expressed as an abstract base class (nominal subtyping, requiring explicit inheritance), a protocol (structural subtyping, satisfied by matching method signatures), or a callable type for functions; consumers rely only on the contract while concrete choices are made in a single composition point. This belongs to software architecture and object-oriented and functional design.