Functional programming is a paradigm centered on composing pure, side-effect-free functions and treating computation as the evaluation of expressions rather than sequences of mutable state changes. Its core mechanisms include recursion as an iteration substitute, structural pattern matching for declarative case analysis, immutability to guarantee predictable and thread-safe behavior, higher-order functions and function composition for building generic and reusable abstractions, and lazy evaluation for deferring computation until results are needed. Though Python is a multi-paradigm language rather than a purely functional one, it supports these principles as techniques that can be layered onto imperative code to improve clarity, testability, and efficiency.
Functional programming is a paradigm centered on composing pure, side-effect-free functions and treating computation as the evaluation of expressions rather than sequences of mutable state changes. I…