The heart is anatomically defined by four distinct borders (right atrium, left ventricle/right ventricle/left atrium), a base formed primarily by the left atrium and pulmonary veins, and an apex constituted almost exclusively by the lateral surface of the left ventricle. The morphology involves specific sulci that demarcate chambers: the coronary sulcus separating atria from ventricles, the anterior interventricular groove dividing the right and left ventricles anteriorly, and the posterior interventricular groove completing this division posteriorly; these grooves house major vascular structures. The concept establishes the spatial orientation of cardiac surfaces relative to surrounding thoracic structures, such as the diaphragm (inferior surface) and vertebrae (base), which dictates clinical access points like the transverse pericardial sinus for cannulation.
The heart is anatomically defined by four distinct borders (right atrium, left ventricle/right ventricle/left atrium), a base formed primarily by the left atrium and pulmonary veins, and an apex cons…