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Hypothesis Model-Based Testing in Python using Rules and Invariants for State Machines

Model-based testing (MBT), also known as stateful testing, is a formal verification technique that utilizes models to generate tests for systems comprising multiple actions and states within the domain of software engineering. The core mechanism involves defining "rules" representing valid transitions between system states and "invariants" that must hold true in every reachable state, forming a finite-state machine where test cases are automatically generated sequences exploring this model space rather than manually constructed paths based on fixed inputs. This approach extends property-based testing by combining arbitrary input generation with exhaustive exploration of action combinations to detect logical errors in complex sequential systems.