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Instability Regimes of Azimuthal Structures in Beam-Generated Partially Magnetized Plasmas

Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations showing that beam-generated partially magnetized plasmas split into two regimes: a quasi-neutral lower-hybrid regime forming 2D spiral arms, and a non-neutral diocotron regime forming a 3D helical-rotating column. Includes analytical formulas for the threshold pressure between regimes and for the helical rotation frequency.