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Logic Level Shifting

Connecting a 5 V output directly to a 3.3 V-only input can exceed the input's absolute maximum and destroy it, so mixed-voltage systems need translation. Resistive dividers work for slow unidirectional signals, while MOSFET-based bidirectional shifters are required for open-drain buses like I2C where either side may drive the line.

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Connecting a 5 V output directly to a 3.3 V-only input can exceed the input's absolute maximum and destroy it, so mixed-voltage systems need translation. Resistive dividers work for slow unidirectional signals, while MOSFET-based bidirectional shifters are required for open-drain buses like I2C where either side may drive the line.

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