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Software Refactoring Traps in Python

Refactoring aims to improve code structure without changing observable behavior, but incomplete tests, hidden assumptions, and interpretation can silently alter behavior, so refactored code must be verified against a baseline. There is no absolute ground truth in software: the original code, the tests, design documents, and user requests are each incomplete or provisional, so development is an iterative process of interpreting and codifying a changing domain. This belongs to software engineering and software design, emphasizing testing, specification, and the role of design principles in managing change.