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Temperature-Controlled Smart Charging for EVs in Cold Climates

Puts battery heating inside the smart-charging optimization loop: by modeling EV-battery thermal dynamics and inertia, it decides the optimal timing and amount of heating jointly with temperature-sensitive charging (dynamic rates, battery health) at a solar-powered station, using reduced-order dual decomposition and vehicle rescheduling to scale, cutting charging cost 12.5-18.4% and heating overhead 0.4-6.8%.