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Unit Tests for Existing Python Code: Dependency Injection and Mocking I/O

Unit testing for existing code relies on dependency injection to decouple high-level business logic from low-level I/O interactions and external dependencies like payment processors or user input functions. By abstracting these volatile components into injected interfaces, the core system becomes isolated in a controlled test environment where behavior can be verified without relying on actual network communication or physical hardware. This mechanism enforces modular design principles that enhance code stability by allowing unit tests to simulate specific states and error conditions independently of real-world variability.