J
jeremy
33 minutes
Zel'dovich, Novikov, Hawking and Carr Proposed Black Holes from the Early Universe
Zel'dovich and Novikov (1967) and Hawking (1971) proposed black holes formed in the first second, with mass near the horizon mass \( M \sim 10^{15}\,\text{g}\,(t/10^{-23}\,\text{s}) \); Carr and Hawking (1974) showed they cannot grow as fast as the horizon.