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PID Tuning by Hand: Fix Overshoot, Oscillation and Integral Windup

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PID tuning by hand fixes overshoot, oscillation and integral windup in a loop that hunts or never reaches setpoint, no Laplace needed. You learn to read process gain and dead time from a step test, pick P, PI or PID gains from a trend chart or a rule, and tell when auto-tuning gives bad gains.