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About Gaussian Mixture Models: Soft Clustering with EM

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Build Gaussian mixture models from first principles: the latent-variable view of a weighted sum of Gaussians, responsibilities as Bayesian posteriors, and the EM algorithm that fits the parameters with a proof of why each iteration can only improve the likelihood. You will know how covariance constraints (full, diagonal, tied, spherical) trade flexibility for parameter count, how to seed EM with k-means and defend against local optima and covariance collapse, how BIC/AIC choose the number of components, and where GMMs earn their keep — density estimation, soft clustering, and speaker/background modeling.