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About Byzantine Fault Tolerance: From the Generals Problem to HotStuff

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How distributed systems reach agreement when some participants can lie, equivocate, or behave arbitrarily. You will be able to state why 3f+1 replicas are required, explain what FLP forbids and how partial synchrony escapes it, walk through PBFT's three-phase commit and view change, and compare modern BFT protocols (Tendermint, HotStuff) with crash-fault-tolerant consensus like Raft and Paxos.