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About Arduino Sensor Integration: From Raw Signals to Reliable Readings

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How to connect real-world sensors to a microcontroller and trust what they tell you. You will read analog sensors through the ADC with a properly chosen reference voltage, calibrate and linearize their output, talk to digital sensors over I2C, SPI, and 1-Wire, and handle the electrical realities of pull-ups, level shifting, and noise. You will also structure firmware around interrupts, timers, and non-blocking loops, and budget power for battery operation.