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About CRISPR Gene Editing: From Bacterial Immunity to Genome Surgery

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Trace CRISPR from a bacterial adaptive-immune system to the clinical genome editors used today. You will learn how Cas9 finds a target through PAM recognition and guide-RNA base pairing, what the cell actually does with the resulting break (NHEJ indels versus HDR knock-in), and why off-target editing drove the shift to high-fidelity nucleases and break-free editors. The path finishes with base editing, prime editing, LNP and AAV delivery, and the approved therapies that have shipped.